本站原创
Abstract: In this paper, the German occupational education especially "dual-script system" vocational education model, also analysis the characteristics of the vocational education in Germany, and analysis of the present situation of C
Key words: Germany Dual Education System; Nursing Education;China
1 The general situation of vocational education in Germany
Germany''s vocational and technical education is known as the German economic boom of the "secret weapon", and "dual-script system" model is known as the secret weapon "launch authority" place.
(a) the German education system.
1. The primary education: pre-school education.
2. Elementary education: first class education.
3. Secondary education: the second stage education. The second stage of class I education is basically a general secondary education, equivalent to our country junior high school; Level II, including education and professional medium general secondary education, equivalent to high school in China. The second stage education also belongs to obligation education.
(1) The second phase I level education. In Germany he four kinds of high school: the subject of middle school, middle school, high school and grammar, overall middle school. Get grammar school graduate from high school students has obtained the certificate of qualification into Germany university study, and complete high school diploma is also called "university mature certificate".
(2) the second phase II education level has the same educational level, such as professional or specialized subject graduates of completely middle school, also he on the university of qualification.
4. Higher education: the third stage education.
(1) University. Here refers to the university, in Germany often called the academic type KeXueXing University or college (comprehensive university), university entrance conditions for "university mature certificate".
(2) Application technology university. Technology applied university, the study contents on practice, educational system is relatively short.
(b) "dual-script system" vocational education.
The so-called dual system vocational education, meaning to teenagers in enterprise is receive vocational skill and the related professionalknowledge training, and in vocational schools accept vocational professional theory and the common cultural knowledge education. It is different form school system, can be called a part of the school system vocational education form. Accept the dual system training of the students, the general must he high school, middle school of main body or (equivalent to our country''s junior high school diploma, and, after that, or through the labor bureau of job-introduction center choose a enterprise, according to the provisions of the relevant laws signed a contract with the enterprise training, get a training position, and then to relevant professional school registration made theoretical study qualification. So he would be a dual system vocational education mode of the students. He he dual identity: in schools is the student, in the enterprise is apprenticeship, he has two study training site: training enterprise and vocational school.(c) The main agency responsibilities and obligations.
These institutions are mainly responsible for the law, management, funds and assesent requirements.
1. The federal education and scientific research departments. In professional education issues it plays a comprehensive and coordinated role, reflects in: the vocational education competent federal modification, and its reserves the right of explanation; Supervise the implementation of the law; Be responsible for setting the professional education in great and has the policy of principle; The federal occupational education institute director; Responsible for vocational education regulations issued continue to practice and training teachers about education qualification regulations; Career education funding in "discrimination," and "top"; Vocational education funding the module test and research projects.
2. The federal ministry and other business department. It is mainly responsible for the training of professional recognition and abolished, in addition to agriculture, judicial, health professional points by the federal food, justice, and health departments responsible for outside, most of the other handicraft industry and the industrial and commercial flying training professional all by the responsible. Whether admit or abolished a vocational training, must ask for federal teach families in advance of the department of agreed, otherwise can take effect. The ministry and other business department through the form of law issued national approbatory training professional, regulations, the purpose of which is to unify the industry training contents, specifications and requirements, practices, training teachers'' qualifications, training organization principle, the matters needing attention and after the training the e
3. States cultural and educational minister extended meeting. Its main task is to make sure that the German education career in common and comparability with a necessary at least standards. It is a voluntary education ministers states a tool of the inner harmony.
4. The federal states duty. The basic law of the state to school the competent authority, the states competent department also through its of the bear the corresponding task. States and fully exercise their vocational education is responsible for some of the specific funding support, to the competent professional education process guild exercise legal supervision power.
5. Industry association. German industry association is the regional division, he mandatory, the industry''s mission is to represent the interests of the members of the association, maintain and keep the business communities long some credit tradition. Industry association in addition to promote economic development in the industry must complete the tasks outside, still take some tasks entrusted by the country, vocational education is one of the most important one. German industry association mainly has the guild, commercial and industrial ''guild, handicraft doctors'' guild, etc. Career education responsibilities to the guild basically has: for the training of enterprise qualification authentication and supervision; Shorten and extend the training time; Responsible for review the contract between the enterprise and the apprentice training contract; Responsible for the examination; Vocational education committee; Formulate rules and regulations; Supervision and consultation; The arbitration commission, etc.
Although in recent years the development of vocational education by the unprecedented attention, however the social from all walks of life remains pervasive despised the vocational education concept, the vocational education appeal not enough is still a real problem.
Now some junior high school teachers told students, you will learn to let you don''t work hard to go to a vocational school; some students according to their interest in the choice of vocational schools, but parents were too shy in front of my colleagues brought, afraid of face
Currently there is a long-term can''t solve problems, is our vocational education management system has not straighten, shown in three aspects: one is the education of secondary vocational schools, secondary vocational mouth internal management not straighten, vocational schools and high office belong to two company management. Although professional education accounts for the whole education of half the sky, but the number is still in a head a little more head, in the setting of the administrative structure on a large head is still a all head. 2 it is education mouth and labor for vocational education management mouth not straighten, ministry of education and national human resources and social security each tube a stand, independently, each becomes the system, resulting in all provinces, local education and the labor department for the professional education management exist contradictions. Three is education and vocational education to mouth industry management not straighten, because before a few years education system reform, almost all industries out of the vocational college of management, but not at the same time to build up a actual participation in vocational education for industry management system, and the professional education and forced lacerate all walks of natural born with contact. The above problem resulted in serious two big consequences: the first is the professional education there is lack of resources and resources scattered coexist, the absence of policy and politics than the coexist, inadequate investment and bull leadership coexist. The result is primary school, secondary vocational and technical school or both had to be careful, be afraid of standing wrong line, table wrong state, and dilemma. The second is the vocational colleges and the relationship between industry is loose, cultivate students not marketable goods.In Germany, vocational education development swing, some students don''t want to read comprehensive university, and are willing to accept vocational education. In our country, the vocational education are deeply hit the "inferior education" mark, many students less than hing won''t read vocational school and vocational education in our country and the less developed related, but history cultural reasons also cannot ignore. Our country has five thousand years long history, the dama popular, "ranking thought deeply rooted, which makes our society today, advocating knowledge, far beyond advocate abilities and skills, and seriously hindered the development of vocational education now. In Germany, the enterprise assumes the "dual system" vocational education 70% of the costs, it not only make the enterprise won the high skill work personnel, and to provide the community with a large number of skilled talents. Enterprise development of society should be held responsible and obligations. In our country, the enterprise participation in vocational education depth and the breadth are not enough. According to the report, our country at present various types of senior technical workers there are shortages, the vocational education as is a golden opportunity, not only can solve the problem of higher vocational graduates'' employment, and is actively seeking cooperation between colleges and vocational colleges now. Relevant departments should guide enterprises to participate in higher vocational education. Teachers in addition to a bachelor''s degree or above with major in outside, still should he a professional post professional qualification, fu
(1) Compared with school system vocational education, dual system vocational education pays more attention to the cultivation of practical skills and exact guarantee. This makes the production line to train first actual operation of the vocational education personnel really become popular education by the enterprise. Although our country''s at present the extremely emphasize the students'' practical skills training, but the school system training mode of students away from production objectively the first line, and concentration of the production and practice arrangement and for the student to study the timely theory combined with practice.
(2) In the dual system vocational education system, because the students in particular work environment study, the students and enterprise he more opportunity to exchange ideas, and greatly reduce the risk of unemployment after the training. This to our country for many years is difficult to solve problems of the right employed he certain significance.
(3) With China''s current lay particular stress on professional education system theory to the teaching content, compared to post requirement for the training goal of the dual system vocational education are more enterprise welcome. To the workers'' skill requirements of standard grade appraisal for training target and construction and suitable teaching syllabus and teaching content system, China''s vocational education should be the important content of the teaching reform.
(4) Because cross enterprise training center is other forms incomparable advantage, in the former east German area is increasingly used as training institution deficiency of the remedial measures. For our country is concerned, many all and medium-sized enterprise to establish vocational education center alone, therefore, organization jointly organized by the enterprise or the enterprise training centers across th
References
1. Sun Hongyu, Nursing Education [J]. Journal of Nursing Training, 2010, 20(1): 3-4.
2. Wang Shicai, Some Ideas and Exploration of Reforming Nursing Education [J]. Chinese Journal of Nursing, 2010, 36 (2): 130-132.
3. Jiang Anli, The Current State of nursing education in the 21st century and the Challenges facing China’s Nursing Education and Strategies for its Development [J]. Nursing Journal of Chinese People''s Liberation Army, 2009, 21 (12): 1-3.
摘自：毕业论文如何写www.udooo.com
hina''s vocational education, can get to our country nursing education enlightenment To understand the current state of nursing students subjectivity education and exploration-oriented teaching policy to develop it.Key words: Germany Dual Education System; Nursing Education;China
1 The general situation of vocational education in Germany
Germany''s vocational and technical education is known as the German economic boom of the "secret weapon", and "dual-script system" model is known as the secret weapon "launch authority" place.
(a) the German education system.
1. The primary education: pre-school education.
2. Elementary education: first class education.
3. Secondary education: the second stage education. The second stage of class I education is basically a general secondary education, equivalent to our country junior high school; Level II, including education and professional medium general secondary education, equivalent to high school in China. The second stage education also belongs to obligation education.
(1) The second phase I level education. In Germany he four kinds of high school: the subject of middle school, middle school, high school and grammar, overall middle school. Get grammar school graduate from high school students has obtained the certificate of qualification into Germany university study, and complete high school diploma is also called "university mature certificate".
(2) the second phase II education level has the same educational level, such as professional or specialized subject graduates of completely middle school, also he on the university of qualification.
4. Higher education: the third stage education.
(1) University. Here refers to the university, in Germany often called the academic type KeXueXing University or college (comprehensive university), university entrance conditions for "university mature certificate".
(2) Application technology university. Technology applied university, the study contents on practice, educational system is relatively short.
(b) "dual-script system" vocational education.
The so-called dual system vocational education, meaning to teenagers in enterprise is receive vocational skill and the related professionalknowledge training, and in vocational schools accept vocational professional theory and the common cultural knowledge education. It is different form school system, can be called a part of the school system vocational education form. Accept the dual system training of the students, the general must he high school, middle school of main body or (equivalent to our country''s junior high school diploma, and, after that, or through the labor bureau of job-introduction center choose a enterprise, according to the provisions of the relevant laws signed a contract with the enterprise training, get a training position, and then to relevant professional school registration made theoretical study qualification. So he would be a dual system vocational education mode of the students. He he dual identity: in schools is the student, in the enterprise is apprenticeship, he has two study training site: training enterprise and vocational school.(c) The main agency responsibilities and obligations.
These institutions are mainly responsible for the law, management, funds and assesent requirements.
1. The federal education and scientific research departments. In professional education issues it plays a comprehensive and coordinated role, reflects in: the vocational education competent federal modification, and its reserves the right of explanation; Supervise the implementation of the law; Be responsible for setting the professional education in great and has the policy of principle; The federal occupational education institute director; Responsible for vocational education regulations issued continue to practice and training teachers about education qualification regulations; Career education funding in "discrimination," and "top"; Vocational education funding the module test and research projects.
2. The federal ministry and other business department. It is mainly responsible for the training of professional recognition and abolished, in addition to agriculture, judicial, health professional points by the federal food, justice, and health departments responsible for outside, most of the other handicraft industry and the industrial and commercial flying training professional all by the responsible. Whether admit or abolished a vocational training, must ask for federal teach families in advance of the department of agreed, otherwise can take effect. The ministry and other business department through the form of law issued national approbatory training professional, regulations, the purpose of which is to unify the industry training contents, specifications and requirements, practices, training teachers'' qualifications, training organization principle, the matters needing attention and after the training the e
源于：查抄袭率硕士毕业论文www.udooo.com
xam of a series of regulations.3. States cultural and educational minister extended meeting. Its main task is to make sure that the German education career in common and comparability with a necessary at least standards. It is a voluntary education ministers states a tool of the inner harmony.
4. The federal states duty. The basic law of the state to school the competent authority, the states competent department also through its of the bear the corresponding task. States and fully exercise their vocational education is responsible for some of the specific funding support, to the competent professional education process guild exercise legal supervision power.
5. Industry association. German industry association is the regional division, he mandatory, the industry''s mission is to represent the interests of the members of the association, maintain and keep the business communities long some credit tradition. Industry association in addition to promote economic development in the industry must complete the tasks outside, still take some tasks entrusted by the country, vocational education is one of the most important one. German industry association mainly has the guild, commercial and industrial ''guild, handicraft doctors'' guild, etc. Career education responsibilities to the guild basically has: for the training of enterprise qualification authentication and supervision; Shorten and extend the training time; Responsible for review the contract between the enterprise and the apprentice training contract; Responsible for the examination; Vocational education committee; Formulate rules and regulations; Supervision and consultation; The arbitration commission, etc.
源于：论文范文网www.udooo.com
2 Nursing education present situation in our countryAlthough in recent years the development of vocational education by the unprecedented attention, however the social from all walks of life remains pervasive despised the vocational education concept, the vocational education appeal not enough is still a real problem.
Now some junior high school teachers told students, you will learn to let you don''t work hard to go to a vocational school; some students according to their interest in the choice of vocational schools, but parents were too shy in front of my colleagues brought, afraid of face
怎样写毕业论文www.udooo.com
is beautiful. The former is the performance of the cultural idea, the latter is the social psychological reaction. This is the vocational education lack charm of the specific performance. In fact, in our country related human resource policy has released related Suggestions: senior technical worker treatment equivalent to senior engineer, associate professor of the erage treatment. But, the policy Suggestions has been no implement. The labor and social security professional skill appraisal center director research material-11 think this is professional education of the fundamental solution attractive reason: to improve the treatment of the workers, let the intermediate skilled workers in the share of social distribution continues to improve, let them in decent and dignity of the work.Currently there is a long-term can''t solve problems, is our vocational education management system has not straighten, shown in three aspects: one is the education of secondary vocational schools, secondary vocational mouth internal management not straighten, vocational schools and high office belong to two company management. Although professional education accounts for the whole education of half the sky, but the number is still in a head a little more head, in the setting of the administrative structure on a large head is still a all head. 2 it is education mouth and labor for vocational education management mouth not straighten, ministry of education and national human resources and social security each tube a stand, independently, each becomes the system, resulting in all provinces, local education and the labor department for the professional education management exist contradictions. Three is education and vocational education to mouth industry management not straighten, because before a few years education system reform, almost all industries out of the vocational college of management, but not at the same time to build up a actual participation in vocational education for industry management system, and the professional education and forced lacerate all walks of natural born with contact. The above problem resulted in serious two big consequences: the first is the professional education there is lack of resources and resources scattered coexist, the absence of policy and politics than the coexist, inadequate investment and bull leadership coexist. The result is primary school, secondary vocational and technical school or both had to be careful, be afraid of standing wrong line, table wrong state, and dilemma. The second is the vocational colleges and the relationship between industry is loose, cultivate students not marketable goods.In Germany, vocational education development swing, some students don''t want to read comprehensive university, and are willing to accept vocational education. In our country, the vocational education are deeply hit the "inferior education" mark, many students less than hing won''t read vocational school and vocational education in our country and the less developed related, but history cultural reasons also cannot ignore. Our country has five thousand years long history, the dama popular, "ranking thought deeply rooted, which makes our society today, advocating knowledge, far beyond advocate abilities and skills, and seriously hindered the development of vocational education now. In Germany, the enterprise assumes the "dual system" vocational education 70% of the costs, it not only make the enterprise won the high skill work personnel, and to provide the community with a large number of skilled talents. Enterprise development of society should be held responsible and obligations. In our country, the enterprise participation in vocational education depth and the breadth are not enough. According to the report, our country at present various types of senior technical workers there are shortages, the vocational education as is a golden opportunity, not only can solve the problem of higher vocational graduates'' employment, and is actively seeking cooperation between colleges and vocational colleges now. Relevant departments should guide enterprises to participate in higher vocational education. Teachers in addition to a bachelor''s degree or above with major in outside, still should he a professional post professional qualification, fu
源于：论文标准格式范文www.udooo.com
ll-time teachers must also regularly enterprise training or under the reform, to update the professional knowledge, skilled professional skills. These benefits in the teaching process to strengthen students'' practical ability of the students. According to the actual situation of the industry, enterprise was founded, school, students, education department, labor department, the parties representative constitute management institution, overall planning,coordination and management of the local education career, solve resource segmentation, education and market and society from the drawbacks. In short, vigorously developing vocational education and training to adapt to the needs of socialist modernization of specialized personnel and workers is history entrusts with our difficult mission, our vocational education development lags.3 Nursing education in China can be obtained from the following enlightenment(1) Compared with school system vocational education, dual system vocational education pays more attention to the cultivation of practical skills and exact guarantee. This makes the production line to train first actual operation of the vocational education personnel really become popular education by the enterprise. Although our country''s at present the extremely emphasize the students'' practical skills training, but the school system training mode of students away from production objectively the first line, and concentration of the production and practice arrangement and for the student to study the timely theory combined with practice.
(2) In the dual system vocational education system, because the students in particular work environment study, the students and enterprise he more opportunity to exchange ideas, and greatly reduce the risk of unemployment after the training. This to our country for many years is difficult to solve problems of the right employed he certain significance.
(3) With China''s current lay particular stress on professional education system theory to the teaching content, compared to post requirement for the training goal of the dual system vocational education are more enterprise welcome. To the workers'' skill requirements of standard grade appraisal for training target and construction and suitable teaching syllabus and teaching content system, China''s vocational education should be the important content of the teaching reform.
(4) Because cross enterprise training center is other forms incomparable advantage, in the former east German area is increasingly used as training institution deficiency of the remedial measures. For our country is concerned, many all and medium-sized enterprise to establish vocational education center alone, therefore, organization jointly organized by the enterprise or the enterprise training centers across th
摘自：毕业论文范例www.udooo.com
e industry will be a very important developing vocational education approach.References
1. Sun Hongyu, Nursing Education [J]. Journal of Nursing Training, 2010, 20(1): 3-4.
2. Wang Shicai, Some Ideas and Exploration of Reforming Nursing Education [J]. Chinese Journal of Nursing, 2010, 36 (2): 130-132.
3. Jiang Anli, The Current State of nursing education in the 21st century and the Challenges facing China’s Nursing Education and Strategies for its Development [J]. Nursing Journal of Chinese People''s Liberation Army, 2009, 21 (12): 1-3.