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简论耐药耐药结核病流行状况与抗结核药物发展

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摘 要 我国是全球22个结核病流行严重的国家之一,同时也是全球27个耐多药结核病流行严重的国家之一。耐多药结核病在许多国家已成为主要公共卫生问题,而研发新型抗结核药物是有效遏制结核病流行和提高结核病防治效果的重要环节之一。本文介绍结核病、尤其是耐多药结核病的流行现状以及抗结核药物研发的最新进展。
关键词 结核病 耐多药结核病 流行病学 抗结核药物
1006-1533(2013)13-0003-05
The epidemic status of drug-resistant tuberculosis
and research progress of anti-tuberculosis drugs
XU Yin1*, MENG Xianmin1,2, ZHANG Yongxin3**
(1. Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China;

2. School of Pharmacy,

Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; 3. Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China)
Abstract China is one of the 22 countries with serious tuberculosis epidemic in the whole world and is also one of the 27 countries with the serious multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). MDR-TB has become the tough problem of public health in many countries. It is an important link to study and develop the new anti-tuberculosis drugs to prevent and control tuberculosis and to improve their efficacy. This article introduces the tuberculosis, especially epidemic status of drug-resistant tuberculosis and research progress of anti-tuberculosis drugs.
Key words tuberculosis; multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; epidemic; anti-tuberculosis drugs
耐多药结核病(multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, MDR-TB)是指结核杆菌至少已同时对异烟肼(isoniazid, INH)和利福平(rifampicin, RFP)耐药的结核病。2010年,全球MDR-TB患者数估算约为65万人,占全球结核病估算患者数的5.4%。WHO以及国际结核病和肺病联合会(International Federation of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease)根据最新耐药监测数据估计,在新发结核病患者中,至少10.2%的患者对1种抗结核药物耐药,MDR-TB患者占1.1%;在复治结核病患者中,至少18.4%的患者对1种抗结核药物耐药,MDR-TB患者占

7.0%。换言之,全球每年新出现的MDR-TB患者数达30万~60万人[2-3]。

我国是全球22个结核病严重流行的国家之一,也是全球27个MDR-TB严重流行的国家之一,2010年估算的MDR-TB患者数占新发结核病患者数的5.7%、占复治结核病患者数的26%,两数据在27个MDR-TB严重流行国家中均排位为第15位。“第五次全国结核病流行病学抽样调查”结果显示,我国MDR-TB危害十分严重,每年新发患者数约12万人[4],与其他国家相比已相当严重。因此,结核病、尤其是MDR-TB的防治工作仍应得到全球各国的高度重视。

1 MDR-TB的现行治疗方案

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结核病的现行标准治疗方案是WHO推荐的“督导短程化疗(Directly Observed Treatment Short-course, DOTS)”策略,即联合使用INH、RFP、乙胺丁醇(ethambutol, EMB)和吡嗪酰胺(pyrazinamide, PZA)治疗6个月,可治愈85%以上的结核病患者,但对MDR-TB患者的疗效较差,治愈率低于60%,其中对初治患者为40%、对复治患者仅20%[5]。现有的大部分一线抗结核药物都上市于20世纪50-60年代,由于应用时间长、患者依从性差等原因,导致MDR-TB大量出现。在WHO出版的《结核病治疗指南(第4版)》[6]中,治疗MDR-TB的药物被分为5组,其中第1组包括了除链霉素外的所有一线抗结核药物,第2至第5组中的药物均为二线抗结核药物。2011年WHO出版的《耐药结核病规范化管理指南》[7]指出,治疗MDR-TB的化疗方案应至少包括4种二线抗结核药物,如PZA、氟喹诺酮类药物、乙硫异烟胺(或丙硫异烟胺)和环丝氨酸(或对氨基水杨酸钠)。

2 抗结核药物研发进展

2.1 bedaquiline(TMC207)

bedaquiline已获美国FDA批准,是近40年来上市的第一个有新作用机制的抗结核药物,能有效用于抗MDR-TB治疗。bedaquiline是一种二芳基喹啉化合物[8],作用机制与现有抗结核药物都不同。结核杆菌在生存过程中需要自身产生能量以维持生命,bedaquiline就是通过作用于结核杆菌的三磷酸腺苷合成酶而抑制结核杆菌产生能量的[9]。

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2.3.3 SQ109

SQ109是乙胺丁醇类似物[28],作用机制尚未明确。SQ109对药物敏感的结核杆菌株的MIC为0.63~1.56 μg/ml,对耐EMB结核杆菌的MIC为0.9 μg/ml,对耐INH结核杆菌的MIC为1.4 μg/ml,对耐RFP结核杆菌的MIC为0.7 μg/ml[28-29]。有关研究显示,SQ109与INH、RFP和bedaquiline均具有协同作用,能使bedaquiline的抗结核杆菌活性提高4~8倍[30-31]。慢性结核杆菌感染小鼠模型接受SQ109 10和25 mg/kg治疗30 d后,其肺部和脾脏的菌落形成单位分别减少1.5~2.5 log,与接受EMB 100 mg/kg的作用相似[28]。将一线抗结核方案中的EMB替换成SQ109后可提高第4或第8周时的疗效[32]。

2.3.4 利奈唑胺

利奈唑胺已被批准用于治疗革兰阳性菌所致皮肤和

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软组织感染以及肺炎和菌血症,疗程一般为28 d。最近研究显示,利奈唑胺也具有良好的抗结核杆菌作用,对MDR-TB显示有强力的抗菌活性。
Alcala等[33]测定了117株对药物敏感和耐药的结核杆菌株对利奈唑胺的敏感性,结果发现利奈唑胺的MIC为0.125~1 mg/L。另有研究发现,利奈唑胺对MDR-TB的MIC为0.125~8 mg/L、MIC50为4 mg/L、MIC90为8 mg/L[34-35],推荐以MIC≤8 mg/L作为其敏感性的分界点。
目前,关于利奈唑胺用于抗结核治疗的剂量和疗程尚没有统一的意见。根据文献报道,治疗剂量推荐开始时使用每日2次、每次1 200 mg,4~6周后减至每日1次、每次600 mg;总疗程暂推荐为3~6个月[36]。

2.3.5 PNU-100480(sutezolid)

PNU-100480是利奈唑胺的类似物。体外研究显示,PNU-100480对5株药物敏感和5株耐药的结核杆菌株的MIC值为0.03~0.50 μg/ml,抗菌活性是利奈唑胺的3.2倍[37-38]。
目前,PNU-100480已完成Ⅰ期试验。该试验结果表明,PNU-100480具有良好的可耐受性,受试者口服1 200 mg/d时仍能耐受,杀菌效力强于利奈唑胺而与INH相当。此外,研究还发现,PNU-100480与PZA有协同作用[39]。

2.3.6 AZD5847

AZD5847是烷唑酮类化合物,目前处于Ⅰ期试验阶段。现有研究结果表明,禁食会影响AZD5847的生物利用度:受试者禁食后口服AZD5847 50~1 200 mg,生物利用度会降低30%~100%不等[40]。
3 结语
目前,全球结核病、特别是MDR-TB的流行给其防控工作带来了严重挑战。笔者认为,要做好耐药结核病的防治工作主要要做好以下3点:首先,应减少因治疗不足或不恰当而导致的耐药结核病。治疗不足或不恰当包括因患者的依从性差而导致的剂量减少或疗程缩短或中断以及治疗方案不恰当。要避免治疗不足或不恰当,就要不断提高常规“DOTS”质量[41]。其次,应更多和更及时地发现患者、尤其是MDR-TB患者。MDR-TB的发现是耐药结核病控制工作的关键环节。更多地发现患者也是减少结核病传播的有力措施。因此,临床上应加强对可疑者的筛查、实验室的确诊以及登记报告等工作。最后,应正确、合理地使用现有的抗结核药物,以延长其有效治疗寿命。同时,应加大抗结核新药的研发投入,加快研发速度。
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